Interconnection network and crossbar switch for the same

ABSTRACT

In a parallel computer including L=n 1  ×n 2  × - - - ×n N  processor element or external devices (hereafter represented by processor elements), an interconnection network of processor elements using L×(1/n 1  +1/n 2  + - - - +1/n N ) crossbar switches in total comprises N dimensional lattice coordinates (i 1 , i 2 , - - - , i N ), 0≦i 1  ≦n 1  -1, 0≦i 2  ≦n 2  -1; - - - , 0≦i N  ; and ≦n N  -1 given to each processor element as the processor element number, crossbar switches for decoding a dimensional field in a processor element number having specific position and length depending upon the number of lattice points of a particular dimension and for performing the switching operation with regard to the dimension, interconnection of n k  processor elements having processor element numbers, which are different only in the k-th dimensional coordinate for arbitrary k, i.e., having processor element numbers ##EQU1## by using one of the crossbar switches, each of the crossbar switches having n k  inputs and n k  outputs, and the interconnection performed with respect to all (L/n k  sets) of coordinates (i 1 , i 2 , - - - , i k-1 , i k+1 , - - - , i N ) of N-1 dimensional subspace excluding the k-th dimension, the interconnection being further performed for all values of k (1≦k≦N).

This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No.08/119,601, filed Sep. 10, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,339,396, which wasa continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 07/780,420, filed Oct. 21,1991, now abandoned, which was a continuation application of U.S. Ser.No. 07/272,528, filed Nov. 17, 1988, now abandoned.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application relates to U.S. patent application filed on Jul.27, 1988 U.S. Ser. No. 07/224,894, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,686 andentitled "Data Transfer Network Suitable for Use in Parallel Computer",by Takehisa Hayashi, Koichiro Omoda, Teruo Tanaka, Naoki Hamanaka andShigeo Nagashima, assigned to the present assignee, based on JapanesePatent Application No. 62-185479 filed on Jul. 27, 1987.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an interconnection scheme of processorelements of a parallel computer, and in particular to a switchconfiguration suitable to the case where high interconnection capabilityis needed but all processers cannot be connected by a full crossbarswitch because the number of processors is large.

In a typical method of the prior art, respective processor elements areconnected to one bus or several buses. Other representative schemesinclude a scheme in which adjacent processor elements among processorelements arranged in a lattice form are connected as described inJP-A-60-151776, a scheme in which all processor elements are connectedby one or several crossbar switches as described in JP-A-59-109966 and"Toward a parallel processing system for AI", T. Suzuoka, S. Nakamuraand S. Oyanagi, 35th (the last half year of 1987) National Conference ofInformation Processing Society of Japan, Sep. 28, 1987, pp. 135-136, ascheme in which all processor elements are connected by a multistageswitch as described in JP-A-57-111654, and a scheme in which hypercubeconnection is used as described in reference 1.

Reference 1: C. L. Seitz, "The Cosmic Cube", communications of the ACM,vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 22-33, 1985.

Among the above described conventional techniques, the bus connectionscheme has an advantage that a small amount of hardware is required, buthas a problem that the performance is lowered by competition for buseswhen the number of connected processor elements is large. It is saidthat there is a limit of ten and several processor elements.

In the lattice connection (called also as mesh connection), the amountof hardware is similarly small, and a large number of processor elementscan be connected. On the other hand, a processor element can communicatewith only adjacent processor elements, and hence the overallcommunication performance largely depends upon the property of theproblem to be dealt with. The communication performance is fine in acase of derivation of a solution of a partial differential equation andin a case of picture processing suited for neighborhood calculation. Incase of the finite element method, fast Fourier transformation (FFT),and logic/circuit simulation, the overhead for communication becomessignificant.

In the full crossbar switch connection, all processor elements arecompletely connected by a matrix switch. Therefore, the full crossbarswitch connection has the highest performance among all connections.Since the amount of hardware is in proportion to the square of thenumber of processor elements, however, there is typically a connectionlimit of several tens processor elements.

In case of a multistage switch, the amount of hardware is limited toapproximately Llog₂ L, where L is the number of processor elements, andcomplete connection is possible. Therefore, the multistage switch hasbeen regarded as a connection scheme suited for highly parallelcomputers including a large number of processor elements. However, thereis a problem that numeral length of the communication path (i.e., thenumber of relaying stages) becomes approximately log₂ L and hence thetransfer delay is accordingly large. There is also the problem that whena large number of processor elements gain access to an identical sharedvariable, a plurality of access paths must scramble for a communicationpath on the way and general paralysis of the network, called hot spotcontention, can occur (the paralysis extends to all accesses), Yetanother problem for the multistage switch is that when the accesscompetition is significant, sufficient performance is set not obtainedeven if hot spot contention does not occur.

A hypercube connection is known as connection through which relativelyefficient communication can be performed. In this case, however, theother party of communication must be specified on the program and henceprogramming becomes complicated. If an automatic relaying mechanism isdisposed for each processor element in order to avoid the complicationof programming, the amount of hardware increases. Further, there is aproblem that mounting is troublesome because of intersected wiring.

It is known that a specific interprocessor communication pattern oftenappears in parallel processing of large-scale numerical calculus. Thelattice connection, the ring connection and the butterfly connection canbe mentioned as representative communication patterns. If communicationof these specific patterns can be processed at high speed, therefore, itcan be said that the effectiveness of the network is large. Only thefull crossbar switch and the hypercube among the above describedconventional techniques contain the lattice connection, the ringconnection and the butterfly connection have their own connectiontopologies which enable communication in these patterns withoutrequiring the relaying function. Neither the bus connection, nor thelattice connection, nor the multistage switch is capable of processingall communication of these specific patterns. Further as a specialexample, a spanning bus hypercube, which is obtained by expanding abinary hypercube based upon the connection of two processor elementsinto configuration based upon the connection of a plurality of processorelements is described in Reference 2. Since a plurality of processorelements are connected via a bus, however, only two processors cancommunicate at one time, and hence it is not considered that thespanning bus hypercube contains the above described connection topology.

Reference 2: Dharma P. Agrawal et. al., "Evaluating the Performance ofMulticomputer Configurations", May 1986, pp. 28-29, 1986.

Among the above described problems, the problem that the number ofprocessor elements connected in the bus connection is limited has notbeen solved when the number of processor elements is large. Further,both the problem that the performance of the lattice connection largelydepends upon the property of the problem dealt with and the problem ofhot spot contention in the multistage switch are basic and essentialproblems and are not solved under the present art. Further, theseconnections, together with the spanning bus hypercube, have a problem ofdegraded performance in principal applications caused by the fact thatthese connections do not contain all of the lattice connection, the ringconnection and the butterfly connection.

Two remaining networks, i.e., the (full) crossbar switch and thehypercube are free from the above described difficulties based onprinciples. On the other hand, the (full) crossbar switch, the amount ofhardware is too large, and hence a large number of processor elementscannot be connected. In the hypercube, a large number of processorelements can be connected, but programming and mounting are troublesomeand the performance is also degraded when the number of connectedprocessor elements is increased. Further, if communication is performedbetween two processor elements which are not directly connected in ahypercube, another processor element must perform the relaying function.Such a communication method of taking an information packet temporarilyinto a processor element and then transferring the information packet toa different processor element is called a store and forward scheme. Notonly the hypercube but also the other store and forward scheme has aproblem that a deadlock state may be caused. That is to say, when a loopcommunication path is formed by a plurality of processor elements P₁,P₂, P₃ - - - to perform relaying function, P₁ cannot finish thetransmission operation until P₂ finishes the transmission operation andis ready to receive the information, P₂ cannot finish the transmissionoperation until P₃ finishes the transmission operation and is ready toreceive the information, and so on. In this way, the processor elementsengage each other and are not able to operate, resulting in the deadlockstate.

The performance is evaluated by means of the number of basic changeoverswitches (cross points) that one unit of transmitted information passesthrough until it reaches final destination. The amount of hardware isevaluated by means of the total number of cross points constituting thenetwork. In general, however, the amount of hardware is related to theperformance by a trade-off relationship. As the total number of crosspoints is increased, therefore, the number of cross points through whichone unit for transmitted information passes is decreased.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a system configurationhaving an interconnection network free from the difficulties occurringin the above described systems, which connects processor elements withhigh connection capability (i.e., with a small number of changeoverstages) close to that of the capability of a full crossbar switch whenthe (technical and financial) upper limit of the amount of hardware andthe number of processor elements are arbitrarily given, and which givesoptimum connection with respect to the communication performance and theamount of hardware; and in particular to provide a technique forvariably providing a network having the minimum or optimum amount ofswitch hardware.

That is to say, in the prior art, a network had to comprise a fullcrossbar switch when the number of processor elements was still small,whereas the network had to comprise a hypercube when the number ofprocessor elements became equal to or larger than a particular value.However, the present invention makes it possible to form many kinds ofinterconnection networks each of which has intermediate performancebetween the full crossbar switch and the hypercube, and also has asmaller amount of switch hardware than that of the hypercube to providea relaying function free from the fear of deadlock. Further, itsmounting is suitable from the viewpoint of performance balance andmaintenance because unit switches of the network can be mounted within achip, within a module, within a board, within a cubicle or betweencubicles.

The above described object is basically attained in a parallel computerincluding L processor elements, where L can be resolved into factors asL=n₁ ×n₂ × - - - ×n_(N), by an interconnection network of processorelements using L×(1/n₁ +1/n₂ + - - - +1/n_(N)) crossbar switches intotal, comprising coordinates (i₁, i₂, - - - , i_(N)), 0≦i₁ ≦n₁ -1, 0≦i₂≦n₂ -1, - - - , 0≦i_(N) ≦n_(N) -1 of an internal point of ahyperrectangular solid on an N dimensional lattice space having each ofthe above described factors as the number of lattice points of one side,given to each processor element as the processor element number,interconnection of n_(k) processor elements having processor elementnumbers, which are different only in the k-th dimensional coordinate forarbitrary k, i.e., having processor element numbers ##EQU2## by usingone crossbar switch having n_(k) inputs and n_(k) outputs, the aboveinterconnection performed with respect to all (L/n_(k) sets) ofcoordinates

    (i.sub.1, i.sub.2, - - - , i.sub.k-1, i.sub.k+1, - - - , i.sub.N)

of N-1 dimensional subspace excluding the k-th dimension, theinterconnection being further performed for all values of k (1≦k≦N), andrelaying means associated with a processor element of transmission side,selecting one noncoincident dimension k (i_(k) ≠j_(k)) between its ownprocessor element number (i₁, i₂, - - - , i_(N)) and the destinationprocessor element number (j₁, j₂, - - - j_(N)), selecting a crossbarswitch (hereafter referred to as the k-th coordinate transformingcrossbar switch) connecting processor elements having processor elementnumbers, which are different only in the k-th dimensional coordinate outof N crossbar switches associated with the relaying mean of theprocessor element of the transmission side, and inputting acommunication information packet having a set of the destinationprocessor element number and transmission data to the selected crossbarswitch, each coordinate transforming crossbar switch decoding the k-thdimensional coordinate portion of the destination processor number andsending the information packet to a processor element having a processorelement number equivalent to the destination processor element number inthe k-th dimensional coordinate, i.e., the destination processor elementitself or a processor element located on a path on the way to thedestination processor element so as to be relayed, in the latter casethe operation being relayed until disappearance of noncoincidentcoordinates, the information packet being sent to the destinationprocessor. Further, by using a crossbar switch as relaying meansassociated with a processor element, competition with other relayingpaths at the time of relaying is eliminated. As a result, a fear ofdeadlock can be completely removed.

It will now be described that communication between arbitrary processorelements can be performed by using the interconnection scheme accordingto the present invention. It is now assumed that a processor elementoriginating transmission having a processor element number (i₁,i₂, - - - , i_(N)) communicates with a destination processor elementhaving a processor element number (j₁, i₂, - - - i_(N)). In a case wherethe first coordinate i₁ of the originating processor element is notequivalent to the first coordinate j₁ of the destination processor,processor elements having entirely equivalent coordinates with theexception of this coordinate are connected to one crossbar switch (thefirst coordinate transforming crossbar switch), and hence informationcan be sent to a processor element having a processor element number(j₁, i₂, - - - i_(N)) or a relaying crossbar switch associated with theprocessor element by means of that crossbar switch. Succeedingly, theprocessor element or the relaying crossbar switch associated with theprocessor element which has received information is connected to aprocessor element having entirely equivalent coordinates with theexception of the second coordinate by one coordinate transformingcrossbar switch. If i₂ ≠j₂, therefore, it is possible to sendinformation to a processor element having a processor element number(j₁, j₂, i₃, - - - i_(N)) or a relaying crossbar switch associated withthe processor element. By selecting such paths and sending informationsuccessively to processor elements having coordinates successivelyreplaced or relaying crossbar switches associated with the processorelements by coordinate transforming crossbar switches, it is finallypossible to send information to a processor element having a processorelement number (j₁, j₂, - - - , j_(N)).

Further, in many cases, it is possible to limit the number of processorelements of each dimension by performing suitably factorization of L.Thereby, it becomes possible to house the coordinate transformingcrossbar switch of each dimension in a determined mounting unit such asin a chip, in a module, in a board, in a cubicle or between cubicles.This property cannot be sufficiently achieved under the condition thatL=m^(N) where all factors assume equivalent values. The factorizationaccording to the present invention as L=n₁ ×n₂ × - - - ×n_(N) becomesthe necessary condition for attaining the property.

In case relaying crossbar switches are not used, deadlock may be causedif a processor element P₁ is going to relay a packet to a processorelement P₂ and at the same time the processor element P₂ is also goingto relay a packet to the processor element P₁. If relaying crossbarswitches are used, however, the flow of the packet from P₁ to P₂ can beestablished independently of the packet flow from P₂ to P₁, deadlock notbeing caused.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a first embodiment of aninterconnection network according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an arrangement diagram showing the hyperrectangular solidarrangement of processor elements;

FIG. 3 is a configuration diagram of processor elements;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the relaying operation of a communicationcontrol unit 3;

FIG. 5 is a diagram used for explaining the interface of a crossbarswitch;

FIG. 6 is a configuration diagram of a crossbar switch;

FIG. 7 is a diagram used for explaining an example of a priority ordercontrol circuit;

FIG. 8 is a configuration diagram of a second embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9 is a diagram used for explaining the operation of the secondembodiment;

FIG. 10 is a diagram used for explaining the amount of hardware in casea relaying crossbar switch is included;

FIG. 11 is a diagram used for explaining a mask register; and

FIG. 12 is a diagram used for explaining a relaying crossbar switch.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Embodiments of an interconnection network and a crossbar switch for thesame according to the present invention will now be described in detailby referring to accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 schematically shows the configuration of a first embodiment of aninterconnection network according to the present invention by taking athree-dimensional interconnection scheme as an example. Even if it isexpanded into an N-dimensional interconnection scheme, a similarconfiguration is also used. An arbitrary processor element P(i, j, k)(having a processor elements number (i, j, k)), which is logicallydisposed at each lattice point corresponding to an internal point of arectangular solid of L×M×K on a three-dimensional lattice space as shownin FIG. 2 is connected to three crossbar switches 9-1, 9-2 and 9-3. Thecrossbar switch 9-1 completely connects the processor element P(i, j, k)to processor elements P(o, j, k), P(1, j, k), - - - , P(L-1, j, k)having coordinates which are different only in the first dimension fromthose of P(i, j, k). In the same way, the crossbar switch 9-2 completelyconnects the processor element P (i, j, k) to processor elements P(i, o,k), P(i, 1, k), - - - , P(i, M-1, k) having coordinates which aredifferent only in the second dimension from those of P(i, j, k).Further, the crossbar switch 9-3 completely connects the processorelement P(i, j, k) to processor elements P(i, j, o), P(i, j, 1), - - - ,P(i, j, K-1) having coordinates which are different only in the thirddimension from those of P(i, j, k).

Each crossbar switch has a function of making the processor element P(i,j, k) communicate with a processor element having a number obtained byreplacing the coordinate value of one particular dimension, which areincluded in the three dimensional coordinate values defining theprocessor element number with another coordinate value. Therefore, thiscrossbar switch is hereafter referred to as the "coordinate transformingcrossbar switch". The switch performing the coordinate transformation ofa particular dimension k is referred to as the k-dimensional coordinatetransforming crossbar switch. As shown later each of, the processorelement can communicate with another processor element having anarbitrary number via the three coordinate transforming crossbarswitches.

FIG. 3 shows the structure of a processor element. The processor elementP (i, j, k) includes a relaying unit 1 and a processing unit 2, which isa conventional computer having a program counter and which executesinstructions sequentially. The relaying unit 1 includes a communicationcontrol unit 3, which has microprogram therein and has the functions ofdecoding the processor number of destination of a communication packetinputted from the processing unit 2 or an input port register 5,selecting a particular one of the coordinate transforming crossbarswitches 9-1 to 9-3 for next receipt of the packet or the processingunit 2 on the basis of the decoded result, and sending the communicationpacket thereto. The unit also includes an input port register 5 and anoutput port register 6 for temporarily storing the communication packet,a selector 7 for selecting a one of the input communication paths comingfrom three coordinate transforming crossbar switches, and a distributor8 for selecting one of N coordinate transforming crossbar switches asthe destination of the communication packet stored in the output port.The communication packet includes the processor number of destinationand transmitted data.

The contrivance for transmitting information from the processor elementP(i, j, k), which is an originating processor element, to a processorelement P(0, 0, 0), which is a destination processor element, in thethree-dimensional example of FIG. 1 will now be described by referringto FIGS. 1, 3 and 4. First of all, the processing unit 2 of theoriginating processor P(i, j, k) inputs a communication packet into thecommunication control unit 3 and directs the communication control unit3 to transmit the communication packet. The destination information(processor element number) of the communication packet includes threecoordinates (0, 0, 0). Beginning with the first coordinate, thecoordinate values (0, 0, 0) are successively compared with threecoordinate values (i, j, k) included in its own processor elementnumber, which is stored in the microprogram of the communication controlunit 3. In order to communicate with a processor element P(o, j, k)having coordinates obtained by replacing the coordinate value of thefirst coordinate i, which has first caused noncoincidence, with 0, thefirst coordinate transforming crossbar switch 9-1 corresponding theretois selected. The communication packet is placed in the output portregister 6, and the number "1" of the selected crossbar switch 9-1 isinputted to the distributor via a signal line 12. By using this number"1", the distributor 8 connects a data line 13 and the control signalline 12 to one input channel 101 and 102 of the first coordinatetransforming crossbar switch 9-1. By using the control signal line 12,the channel 101, the data line 13 and the channel 102, the communicationcontrol unit 3 sends the communication packet stored in the output port6 to the first coordinate transforming crossbar switch 9-1. Thestructure and operation of the coordinate transforming crossbar switchwill be described later.

In the processor element P(o, j, k) whereto the above describedcommunication packet has been sent via the crossbar switch 9-1, itsselector 7-2 selects the crossbar switch 9-1 out of a plurality ofcrossbar switches outputting a request to send signal OREQ which will bedescribed later. (In the present invention, selection logic is notclaimed.) Output channel lines 103 and 104 of the crossbar are thusconnected to a control signal line 10-2 and a data line 11-2. Thecommunication packet is taken into a communication control unit 3-2 viaan input port register 5-2. At this time, the selector 7-2 conveys thenumber "1" of the sending crossbar switch 9-1 selected by the selectionlogic of the selector 7-2 as well via the control signal line 10-2. Thecommunication control unit 3-2 of the processor elements P(o, j, k)knows the coordinate transformed from the above described switch number"1" such as the first coordinate in this example, compares thecoordinate value (*, 0, 0) of the destination processor, where *represents the coordinate already transformed, with the coordinate value(o, j, k) of its own processor element successively beginning with thecoordinate succeeding the already transformed coordinate, selects asecond dimensional coordinate transforming crossbar switch 9-4 in orderto transmit information to a processor element P(o, o, k) havingcoordinates obtained by replacing the second dimensional coordinate j,which has first caused noncoincidence, with 0, and sends out thecommunication packet to input channel lines 201 and 202. The processorelement P(o, o, k), whereto the packet is inputted from output channellines 203 and 204, can also perform relaying operation in the same way,send the packet to input channel lines 301 and 302 of athird-dimensional coordinate transforming crossbar switch 9-5, andforward the communication packet to the destination processor P(0, 0, 0)via output channel lines 303 and 304. In the destination processorelement P(0, 0, 0), a communication control unit 3-4 decodes thedestination of the packet (the processor element number) (0, 0, 0)stored into an input port 5-4 via a selector 7-4. Since the destinationcoincides with its own processor element number (0, 0, 0) stored in themicroprogram, the communication control unit 3-4 notifies a processingunit 2-4 of arrival of the packet.

In a case of a general N-dimension interconnection scheme as well, it ispossible to finally send information to a destination processor by thusrelaying information in processor elements having coordinates obtainedby successively replacing noncoincident coordinates with coordinates ofthe destination processor in coordinate transforming crossbar switches.Since transformation of noncoincident coordinates is completed in Nattempts at most, the maximum length by number of coordinatetransforming crossbar switches of the communication path of thisinterconnection scheme is N. In the three-dimensional example of FIG. 1,the maximum length of the communication path is 3. However, the latticeconnection, the ring connection and the butterfly connection havecommunication performance equivalent to that of the full crossbar switchbecause a communication packet can be transferred to a destinationprocessor in one transmission attempt without relaying operation.

FIG. 4 shows the above described relaying operation logic of thecommunication control unit 3.

The structure and operation of the coordinate transforming crossbarswitch will now be described.

FIG. 5 shows the external interface of one crossbar switch 9 having Linputs and L outputs. One set of input channels comprise two controlsignal lines IREQ and IACK and a data line IDATA. The line IREQ isprovided to carry a signal for notifying the crossbar switch that theprocessor element of the transmission side has stored data to betransmitted into the output port register 6 and is in the transmissionwaiting state. The line IACK is provided by carrying a signal suppliedfrom the crossbar switch to notify the processor element that nexttransmitted data may be written into the output port register 6. Theline IDATA carries transmitted data. In the same way, one set of outputchannels comprise two control signal lines OREQ and OACK and an outputdata line ODATA. The line OREQ is provided to carry a signal for thecrossbar switch to request transfer of transmitted data into the inputport register 5 of the processor element of the receiving side. The lineOACK is provided to carry a signal to the crossbar switch notifying itthat the processor element of the receiving side has completed the abovedescribed transfer of the transmitted data. The line ODATA carries thetransmitted data. In the above described interface, the control signallines IREQ and IACK are connected to the communication control unit 3 ofthe processor element via the distributor 8, and the control signallines OREQ and OACK are connected to the communication control unit 3 ofthe processor element via the selector 7 as shown in FIG. 3. Further,the data line IDATA is connected to the output port register 6 of theprocessor element via the distributor 8, and the data line ODATA isconnected to the input port register 5 of the processor element via theselector 7. The crossbar switch described in the present embodimentfurther comprises a mask register write control signal line W and a maskpattern signal line MASK for setting contents of a mask register (i.e.,a mask pattern), which is used to mask the processor element number asdescribed later. In case it suffices to fix the mask pattern at the timeof fabrication, the mask pattern write control circuit is not required.The present invention includes such configuration as well. Further, themask register may then be replaced by a circuit for selecting a train ofbits to be decoded.

FIG. 6 shows an example of the structure of a crossbar switch. In thisexample, a crossbar switch having 3 inputs and 3 outputs is used.However, a general crossbar switch having L inputs and L outputs isconstructed in completely the same way. It is now assumed that aprocessor element P(2, j, k) having i=2 in FIG. 3 is going to performtransmission. The communication control unit 3 of the processor elementP (2, j, k) stores the data to be transmitted into the output portregister 6, and thereafter sends the number "1" of the crossbar switchto the distributor 8 to select a particular crossbar switch 9-1 andestablish connection. The communication control unit 3 of the processorelement P(2, j, k) outputs the request to send a signal on the controlsignal line 101 of the input channel 2, i.e., IREQ₂ via the signal line12. That crossbar switch connects processor elements P (0, j, k), P (1,j, k) and P (2, j, k) by means of input and output channels 0, 1 and 2,respectively. When the request signal on the line IREQ₂ is inputted to adecoder 20-3 of the concerned crossbar switch, a portion, whichcorresponds to the first dimensional coordinate, of the destinationprocessor element number in the transmitted information packet placed onthe output port 6 is decoded. For the destination channel such as thechannel (output channel 0) corresponding to the destination processorelement P(0, 0, 0), "1" is outputted on a signal line 26-3. For otherchannels, "0" is outputted on the signal line 26-3. The "1" or "0" thusoutputted is conveyed to all of priority order control circuits 21-1 to21-3. Only a portion of a bit train of the decoded processor elementnumber need be inputted to the decoder 20-3. Therefore, a processorelement number has three fields each representing a coordinate of thethree-dimensional lattice space. The coordinate transforming crossbarswitch of each dimension must have a mechanism for taking out the onefield corresponding to the destined dimension out of these fields.Ranges of coordinate values of respective dimensions are not generallyequal to each other. Accordingly, positions and lengths of coordinatefields of respective dimensions are therefore not equal each other. Inorder for a field to be variably selected in the present embodiment,mask registers 24-1 to 24-3 are prepared in respective decoders, and apart of the processor element number is masked so that the remaining bittrain may be decoded. However, the present invention can be applied to acase where the contents of the mask register are fixed at the time offabrication and a variable configuration is not used, or a case wherethe mask register is simply replaced by a selection circuit of bit trainto be decoded.

FIG. 11 shows the function and configuration of a mask register. It isassumed that a 16×16 crossbar switch is used in FIG. 11. However, themask register can be configured in the same way when a crossbar switchof a different size is used. The mask register 24 functioning as a kindof matrix switch selects a partial bit train d_(i) d_(j) d_(k) d_(l)representing the coordinate of a particular dimension out of a bit traind₀, d₁, - - - d₃₁, representing the destination processor element numberincluded in IDATA and outputs the partial bit train as the input(address) A₁ A₂ A₃ A₄ to a decoder (ROM) 20. This is achieved by writing"0" into fields corresponding to cross points of data lines d_(i),d_(j), d_(k) and d_(l) and output lines A₁, A₂, A₃ and A₄ and writing"1" into other fields. Each signal on the output lines A₁, A₂ , A₃ andA₄ is decoded to a binary number comprising 4 bits representing apriority order control circuit number by the decoder 20 to be convertedinto one of request to send signals r₀ to r₁₅ which are sent to priorityorder control circuits 0 to 15. If contents of d_(i) d_(j) d_(k) d_(l)are "0000", for example, the contents are decoded into a signal"1000 - - - 0" so as to select the priority order control circuit 0. Incase this switch is used as a crossbar switch having a smaller size than16×16 such as a 4×4 crossbar switch, the mask register 24 selects only 2bits and uses them as the input address A₁ A₂ to the decoder ROM 20. Inthis case, however, only a part of the decoder ROM is used. The contentsof the mask register 24-1 to 24-3 are set by a directive supplied fromoutside (such as a processor element or the host computer) to the maskregister write control circuit 25 through the signal lines W and MASK orfixed at the time of fabrication together with the predetermined bittrain selection circuit to be decoded.

Requests to send from input channels are conveyed to the priority ordercontrol circuit 21-1. As described later, one of those input channels isselected in accordance with predetermined logic. Thereafter, thepriority order control circuit 21-1 confirms that a buffer 23-1 includedin a selection transfer control circuit 22-1 is free and conveys theselected input channel number (channel 2) to the selection transfercontrol circuit 22-1 via a signal line 27-1. As a result, thetransmitted information packet stored in the output port 6 of theprocessor elements P(2, j, k) is transferred to the buffer 23-1 includedin the selection transfer control circuit 22-1 via the distributor 8 andthe data line 102 of the input channel 2 (i.e., IDATA₂). During thisoperation, the priority order control circuit 21-1 is in the busy state,and starts the next selection operation when the transfer has beencompleted.

When all data have been transferred to the buffer 23-1, the selectiontransfer control circuit 22-1 outputs a request to send signal on asignal line OREQ₀ i.e., a control signal line 103 for requesting thedestination processor element (processor element P(o, j, k)). Request tosend signals from a plurality of coordinate transforming crossbarswitches are inputted to the selector 7-2 of the processor element P(o,j, k). One of those request to send signals is selected in accordancewith predetermined logic and conveyed to the communication control unit3-2. If the input port register 5-2 is free, the communication controlunit 3-2 writes the data which are present on a data line ODATA₀, i.e.,on a data line 104, into an input port register 5-2 via the selector7-2. When the writing operation has been completed, the communicationcontrol unit 3-2 outputs a write completion signal on a control signalline OACK₀. When the write completion signal from the line OACK₀ isinputted to the selection transfer control circuit 22-1, the selectiontransfer control circuit 22-1 negates the request to send signalexisting on the line OREQ₀. The communication control unit 3-2 of theprocessor element P(o, j, k) senses this and negates a receptioncompletion signal existing on the line OACK₀. The buffer 23-1 of theselection transfer control circuit 22-1 assumes a transfer ready stateagain, and the selector 7-2 of the processor element P(o, j, k) is alsoable to select another crossbar switch.

On the other hand, when the priority order control circuit 21-1 comesout from the busy state, the decoder 20-3 which has sensed this via thesignal line 26-3 sends a transfer completion signal to the processorelement P(2, j, k) via IACK₂. The communication control unit 3 of theprocessor element P(2, j, k) which has received the transfer completionsignal existing on the IACK₂ negates the request to transfer signalexisting on the IREQ₂, and it becomes possible to place next data to betransmitted on the output port 6.

FIG. 7 shows an example of the logic of the priority order controlcircuits 21-1 to 21-3. Paying attention to the fact that inputs fromthree decoders comprise 3-bit information, i.e., 0 to 7 in this example,patterns of permission signals corresponding to respective inputs arememorized beforehand into a memory (RAM) 15 having 8 entries. However,logic of the priority order control circuit is not limited to thisexample.

FIGS. 8 and 9 schematically show the inter-connection scheme of a secondembodiment. The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment inthat the relaying operation is not performed in the communicationcontrol unit 3 included in a processor element, but performed in arelaying crossbar switch 14 provided for each processor element.

First of all, the structure and operation of a relaying crossbar switchwill now be described.

The structure of the relaying crossbar switch is basically the same asthat of the coordinate transforming crossbar switch. However, thedestination processor element number inputted to the decoder is not onecoordinate field but all of three coordinate fields. A destinationdecoder portion of the relaying crossbar switch will now be described indetail by referring to FIG. 12. The destination processor element numberfrom the data line IDATA and contents of an its own processor elementnumber register 50 provided in the relaying crossbar switch for storingits own processor element number are inputted to a comparator 51 toundergo exclusive OR operation bit by bit. In case of coincidence, alogic "1" is outputted on each of signal lines 52-1 to 52-32. In case ofnoncoincidence, a logic "0" is outputted on each of signal lines 52-1 to52-32. These outputs are inputted to the mask register 24. If "0" iswritten on the crosspoint field of the mask register 24, i.e., if theinput is not masked, the input is outputted on output line A₁, A₂ and A₃as it is to undergo wired-AND operation there. Only when all outputs ofthe comparator, which are connected to an output line without beingmasked, are logic "1" therefore, a logic "1" is outputted to the outputline. If the first to third coordinates of the processor element numberare respectively assigned to the output lines A₁, A₂ and A₃, a logic "1"is outputted on an output line when the coordinate field is entirelyequivalent to the corresponding field of its own processor elementnumber. Otherwise (i.e., in case of a noncoincident coordinate), a logic"0" is outputted. Signals on the output lines are inverted and inputtedto the decoder 20. For example, it is now assumed in FIG. 12 that thefirst coordinate is represented by bits 0, 1 and 2 of the destinationprocessor element number inputted from the data line IDATA. Those bitsare inputted to the comparator 51 together with corresponding bits 0, 1and 2 of the its own processor element number register 51. If all ofthose bits are mutually coincident, a logic "1" is outputted on each ofsignal lines 52-1, 52-2 and 52-3. A logic "0" is written beforehand ineach of cross points 53-1, 53-2 and 53-3 of the first coordinate fieldand the first output line A₁ of the mask register, whereas a logic "1"is written beforehand in each of cross point fields of the firstcoordinate field and other output lines A₂ and A₃. Therefore, the resultof comparison is sent to only the first output line A₁. Only when alogic "1" is outputted on each of the signal lines 52-1, 52-2 and 52-3,therefore, a logic "1" is outputted on the first output line A₁ of themask register.

The decoder regards the signal on the output lines A₁, A₂ and A₃ as abinary address and decodes it into a channel number. The decoder sends alogic "1" to the priority order control circuit of that channel andsends logic "0"s to other priority order control circuits. If all of thesignals on the output lines A₁, A₂ and A₃ are logic "1"s, i.e., theinput address to the decoder obtained by inverting them is "000", forexample, channel 0, i.e., the channel to its own processor element isselected.

The communication method will now be described. When a communicationpacket is inputted from one coordinate transforming crossbar switch 9 toa relaying crossbar switch 14 as shown in FIG. 8, its destination isdecoded. If the destination is this processor element, the switch isconnected to the input port 5 of the processor element to input thepacket. If the destination is not this processor element, a coordinatetransforming crossbar switch 9 for transforming the noncoincidentcoordinate is selected, and the relaying crossbar switch 14 is connectedto the coordinate transforming crossbar switch 9 thus selected. Theexternal interface of the relaying crossbar switch 14 is the same asthat of the coordinate transforming crossbar switch 9.

In FIG. 9, an example in which a packet is transferred from theprocessor element P(i, j, k) to the processor element P(0, 0, 0) viarelaying crossbar switches of processor elements P (0, j, k) and P (0,0, k) is indicated by a broken line.

In the second embodiment, the communication control unit 3 is notequipped with function of decoding the destination information(destination processor element number) of a communication packet,selecting a particular coordinate transforming crossbar switch or aprocessing unit 2 on the basis of the decoded result, and sending thecommunication packet as described with respect to the first embodiment.In the second embodiment, the communication control unit has onlyfunction of simply interfacing with the relaying crossbar switch 14.

In the example of FIG. 9, the packet passes through three coordinatetransforming crossbar switches (9-1, 9-4 and 9-5) and four relayingcrossbar switches (14-1, 14-2, 14-3 and 14-4). Therefore, switchingoperation must be performed seven times in total. In the firstembodiment, the number of passes through crosspoints is 3. That is tosay, unit switching operation of transferring a communication packetfrom one input-output port/buffer to the next buffer/input-output portis repeated three times. If decision and selection processing in thecontrol unit 3 of the processor element is considered, however, the timerequired for transfer becomes eventually identical. In the firstembodiment in which processor elements themselves perform the relayingoperation, the transmission operation must be performed N times at themaximum. Accordingly, the maximum communication path length of thisswitch is N. The amount of hardware represented in the number of crosspoints is n₁ ×n₂ × - - - ×n_(N) ×(n₁ +n₂ + - - - +n_(N)). Further, themaximum value of n^(k) ² (k=1, - - - , N) is the maximum interconnectioncapability. In the second embodiment in which a relaying crossbar switchis provided for each processor element, the transmission operation mustbe performed 2N+1 times at the maximum, if the relaying operation in therelaying crossbar switch 14 is regarded as one attempt of transmissionoperation. That is to say, the maximum communication path length of thisswitch is 2N+1. Further, the amount of hardware is represented by

    n.sub.1 ×n.sub.2 × - - - ×n.sub.N ×{(N+1).sup.2 +n.sub.1 +n.sub.2 + - - - +n.sub.N }.

It will now be described that the interconnection scheme of the presentinvention facilitates derivation of configuration exhibiting the highestperformance and configuration requiring the minimum amount of hardwarewhen the maximum interconnection capability of one crossbar switch isgiven.

Assuming that the number of signal lines for connection betweenprocessor elements of a crossbar switch is constant, the performancedepends upon the communication path length N or 2N+1. That is to say,higher performance is obtained as the number of dimensions of a space inwhich processor elements are logically arranged is decreased as far aspossible. In case processor elements perform relaying operation as shownin the first embodiment, the minimum communication path length whencrossbar switches are used is represented as

    q=[log L/log n]+1

where L is the number of processor elements and n is the maximum numberof processor elements which can be connected by one crossbar switch. Thesymbol [] means an integer part of the quotient. In this configuration,processor elements are arranged in a hypercube region of a q or (q+1)dimensional lattice space, and all processor elements constituting theone dimensional part region among them are connected by using crossbarswitches each of which is capable of connecting as many processorelements as the above described maximum value n.

On the other hand, the amount of hardware becomes n₁ ×n₂ ×- - - ×n_(N)×(n₁ +n₂ +- - - +n_(N)). Therefore, it is evident that the minimumamount of hardware is obtained in case n_(i) =2. In the scheme usingrelaying crossbar switches as shown in the second embodiment, however,the amount of hardware becomes minimum when different configuration isadopted as shown in FIG. 10. In configuration of 256 processor elements,for example, the amount of hardware becomes minimum whenthree-dimensional arrangement of 8×8×4 is used. In configuration of4,096 processor elements, the amount of hardware becomes minimum whenfour-dimensional arrangement of 8×8×8×8 is used. If high performance ispreferred even though the amount of hardware is large to some degree,two-dimensional configuration of 8×8 to 32×32 is suitable toconfiguration comprising 64 to 1,024 processor elements, andthree-dimensional configuration of 4×8×8 to 32×32×32 is suitable toconfiguration comprising 2,048 to 32,768 processor elements.

The present invention makes it possible to construct a switch connectinga large number of processor elements, which cannot be connected by onecrossbar switch (full crossbar switch), with interconnection capabilityclose to that of the full crossbar switch regardless of the number ofprocessor element. Interconnection capability close to that of the fullcrossbar switch means that the communication performance is high (thenumber of cross point passages is small), topology of connection betweenprocessor elements (lattice, ring and butterfly) which is important inapplication is contained, and communication can be performed with theminimum number of cross point passages for such a communication patternbetween processor elements. In the range of the prior art, the hypercubeis known as a network containing the above described interconnectiontopology and capable of a large number of processor elements. In theinterconnection scheme of the present invention, however, thecommunication performance in a communication pattern other than theabove described particular connection topology is far more excellentthan that of the hypercube. In particular, deadlock can be completelyprevented by using the relaying crossbar switches. Further, the presentinvention provides a method of configuring an optimum interconnectionscheme (an interconnection scheme with the highest communicationperformance, the minimum amount of hardware, or a compromise betweenthem) when the (technical and financial) upper limit of the coordinatetransforming crossbar switch size (i.e., of the number of input andoutput channels of the crossbar switch) and the number of processorelements are arbitrarily given. It is thus possible to fill up a gapbetween the full crossbar switch and the hypercube.

Further, it is possible to define the inter-connection relation ofprocessor elements so that coordinate transforming switches of eachdimension may be housed in each mounting unit such as chip, module,board or cubicle.

The present invention is applicable to a parallel computer disclosed inU.S. Pat. Application entitled "Parallel computer having a processingrequest function" filed on Nov. 18, 1988, by Akira Muramatu, IkuoYoshiwara and Kazuo Nakao, assigned to the present asignee, based onJapanese Patent Application No. 62-289325.

We claim:
 1. A parallel computer constructing an N-dimensional processorlattice including L=n1×n2× . . . ×nN processor elements and aninterconnection network for the processor elements including L×(1/n1+1/n2+ . . . +1/nN) transforming crossbar switches and L relayingcrossbar switches each associated with a one of the L processorelements, wherein an information packet can be switched between the Lprocessor elements, each of said relaying crossbar switchescomprising:means for identifying each of the processor elements by aprocessor element number representing an N dimensional latticecoordinate (i1, i2, . . . , iN), 0≦ik≦nk-1(k=1, 2, . . . , N) where nkrepresents the number of lattice points on a k-th coordinate axis of theN-dimensional processor means for selecting either a one of theprocessor elements or a one of the transforming crossbar switches toreceive the information packet based on the processor element number, aspecific position of the relaying crossbar switch in the N-dimensionalprocessor lattice and a length therebetween, depending upon theprocessor element number and nk; and means for performing a switchingoperation of the information packet to either the processor element ortransforming crossbar switch selected by the means for selecting.
 2. Theparallel computer according to claim 1 wherein said relaying crossbarswitch includes:means for taking in the information packet to a firstprocessor element, said information packet having transmitted data witha processor element number of final destination processor element; meansfor detecting a noncoincident coordinate identity k (ik≠jk) between afirst processor element number (i1, i2, . . . , iN) of the firstprocessor element and a second processor element number (j1, j2, . . . ,jN) of the final destination processor element; means for selecting atransforming crossbar switch out of N transforming crossbar switchesconnected to said first processor element, said selected transformingcrossbar switch connecting processor elements having processor elementnumbers different in coordinate identity from said first processorelement; means for inputting said information packet to said selectedtransforming crossbar switch; and means for inputting said informationpacket to a processing unit of the final destination processor elementin the case of absence of noncoincident coordinate identities.
 3. Theparallel computer according to claim 1 wherein said relaying crossbarswitches have N+1 inputs and N+1 outputs and means for relaying theinformation packet to the destination processor element by connectinginput and output port registers of said first processor element and Ntransforming crossbar switches connected to said first processor elementto said relaying crossbar switches.
 4. A parallel computer comprising anN dimensional processor lattice including L=n1×n2× . . . ×nN processorelements and an interconnection network, wherein nk (k=1, 2, . . . N) isa number of a lattice point on a k-th dimensional coordinate, and theinterconnection network includes Lx(i/n1+1/n2+ . . . +1/nN) coordinatetransforming crossbar switches and L relaying crossbar switchescorresponding to each of the processor elements, wherein:the coordinatetransforming crossbar switch on k-th dimensional coordinate connectsadjacent lattice points on the k-th dimensional coordinate and includesmeans for translating an information packet from a first processorelement having a first processor element number (i1, i2, . . . ik, . . .iN) to a second processor element having a second processor elementnumber (i1, i2, . . . jk, . . . iN; and the relaying crossbar switch onk-th dimensional coordinate connects transforming crossbar switchesintersecting at the lattice point on the k-th dimensional coordinate andthe second processor and includes means for relaying the informationpacket from the coordinate transforming crossbar switch on the k-thdimensional coordinate to an other coordinate transforming crossbarswitch or the second processor element.
 5. The parallel computeraccording to claim 4 wherein said relaying crossbar switchincludes:means for detecting a noncoincident coordinate identityk(ik≠jk) between the first processor element number (i1, i2, . . . , iN)of the first processor element and the second processor element number(j1, j2, . . . jN) of the second processor element; means for selectingthe other coordinate transforming crossbar switch out of N coordinatetransforming crossbar switches connected to said second processorelement, said selected coordinate transforming crossbar switchconnecting processor elements having processor element numbers differentin coordinate identity from said tint processor element; means forinputting said information packet to said selected coordinatetransforming crossbar switch in the case of existence of noncoincidentcoordinate identities; and means for inputting said information packetto the second processor element corresponding to a destination processorelement in the case of absence of noncoincident coordinate identities.